Social Anxiety Disorder And The Speech Of The Individual (...

Introduction Stuttering is a fluency disorder that affects the speech of the individual (ASHA). Stuttering causes interferences in the speech that are signified as â€Å"disfluencies† (ASHA). These disfluencies may be presented in different ways. There may be repetitions of words, pauses, prolongation of words, and/or may include multiple â€Å"ums† in the speech (ASHA). These interruptions in speech may negatively affect the communication of individuals who stutter. Many times, the individuals is aware of what they want to say but is unable to accurately and appropriately verbalize the thought because of the symptoms of repetitions, prolongations and hindering of words (Blumgart, Tran, Craig, 2010). Social Anxiety Disorder is the most common psychological impact in people who stutter. Social anxiety disorder or social phobia is a disorder where a person feels anxiety related to social interactions. (Blumgart, Tran, Craig, 2010). Approximately 50% of people who stutter or more are known to have social anxiety disorder (Stein et al 1996). Social anxiety and phobia negatively impacts occupation, social situations, and mental health (Blumgart, Tran, Craig, 2010). People with social anxiety disorder will have feelings of trepidation about being in social interactions (Jacobs Anthony, Social anxiety support). Researchers explain that symptoms of social anxiety may include but not limited to â€Å"blushing, trembling, sweating, and speech block, and many individuals with social anxietyShow MoreRelatedPsychopathology And Permanent Hearing Loss1403 Words   |  6 Pages(Pittman, 2015). According to the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), approximately 1-3 children out of every 1,000 children are born with permanent hearing loss. It affects the physical ability to hear, impacts language acquisition and communication skills, and may lead to psychopathological behaviors (Barker et al. 2009; Theunissen et al. 2015; Stevenson 2010). Psychopathology i s a general term used to describe a broad range of mental disorders (Theunissen, et al. 2015). Due to theRead MoreThe Effects Of Traumatic Brain Injuries On Our Society1574 Words   |  7 Pagesprofound effect on human speech production, speech-language pathologists are needed in the both the diagnostic and rehabilitation process. In order to fully comprehend the significance of the role that speech-language pathologists play in the rehabilitation of TBI patients, the cause, diagnostic process, physiological and psychological effects, and treatment of traumatic brain injuries must be considered. Before examining the affect of traumatic brain injuries on the human speech mechanism, the etiologyRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder1409 Words   |  6 PagesAutistic disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder- not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) were merged into one category of ASD. This paper will explain what Autism Spectrum Disorder is, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatments, clinical trials and what it is like living with someone with Autism (Autism Society, n.d.). What is Autism Spectrum Disorder? â€Å"Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Autism are general terms for a group of complex disorders of brainRead MoreSpeech : Increasing Communicative Competence3821 Words   |  16 PagesLanguage is an essential component of life that drives human interaction and facilitates social connections (Brown, Davidson, Worrall Howe, 2013). Belongingness, a theory postulated by Hsieh and Tseng (2017), asserts that individuals are motivated to foster social relationships to experience a sense of connection to a social group. Studies showed that among people with aphasia (PWA), an increase in social connectedness is correlated with increased life satisfaction and overall well-being (HilariRead More Speech and Language Disorders Essay2774 Words   |  12 PagesSpeech and Language Disorders Communication is very crucial in life, especially in education. Whether it be delivering a message or receiving information, without the ability to communicate learning can be extremely difficult. Students with speech and language disorders may have â€Å"trouble producing speech sounds, using spoken language to communicate, or understanding what other people say† (Turkington, p10, 2003) Each of these problems can create major setbacks in the classroom. ArticulationRead MoreElderly Care Ministry Proposal6882 Words   |  28 Pageson aging and the impact our ministries will make: Exercise The purpose of exercise in the context of this ministry to aging adults is to assist in overall physical health and mental acuity and aid in an enjoyable time of social interaction to enhance one’s overall quality of life. Time with older adults will offer the leaders and team members an opportunity to interact and build relationships with people leading to spiritual conversations and encouragement. Research

Critical Analysis Of Macbeth - 767 Words

By committing these acts, one may argue that Macbeth begins to lose his courage to an extent. He fears for the future. Take Macbeth’s final duel with Macduff for an example. He is all too confident when the duel with Macduff began, for he still thinks that he is invincible since he believes that all men are women born. But when Macduff announces that he was â€Å"from his mother’s womb untimely ripped† Macbeth lets his guard down (8.19-20). In director Robert Goold and Bogdandov’s interpretations, both directors show Macbeth lowering his gun, and Polanski’s interpretation has Macbeth lose his sword. (Although it should be noted that the fight resumes after a moment’s pause and Macbeth recanting his yield.) Therefore, Macbeth breaks another†¦show more content†¦Macbeth may have felt that the â€Å"hours are absorbed into a terrible dream that is not a refuge but an inferno†, but it is not until after Lady Macbeth’s death that he has a moment to reflect on his deeds (Sypher 105). With the arrival of Birnam Wood, Macbeth realizes that his time is coming to an end. It is not something that he takes lightly, in fact (depending on the actor) he could take a long time expressing these feelings. â€Å"Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow, creeps this petty pace from day to day†¦all our yesterdays have lighted the way to dusty death. Out, out brief candle† (5.5.22-6). What leads to Macbeth’s death has been interpreted in many ways. Polanski has Macduff stab Macbeth through a gap in his armour before beheading him, with Macbeth having an expression of relief. Goold has Macbeth see the witches before his beheading. The most intriguing version of Macbeth’s end is director Nikolai Serbryakov’s version. Serbryakov has Macbeth see a vision of Macduff’s wife and children. Macbeth’s facial expression is one of sorrow and shock as he cries, â€Å"Enough† (5.8.39)! Thus Macbeth’s candle is snuffed out. Macbeth lost everything in Shakespeare’s Macbeth. He lost his innocence when he succumbed to temptation, his purity when he murders and lies to his people, and his joy when his guilt became a great burden. Perhaps we would be a little harsh on Macbeth if we called him a rare monster. For even if we did not follow Macbeth’s path, do we not face our ownShow MoreRelatedMacbeth Motif Critical Analysis : Macbeth1383 Words   |  6 PagesMichael Efstration Mrs. Beauchamp H English 12 6 January 2015 Macbeth Motif Critical Analysis: Sleeplessness Macbeth is a play about a man and his desires that get the best of him. The calamity is fashioned through the inspiration of several characters including his wife, Lady Macbeth and the exciting force the witches create that begin the underlying motif of sleeplessness. 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The witches make three prophecies for each of them and Macbeth begins to wonder what the future entails. Analysis: Once again, the witches enter the stage to the sounds of thunder. They boast of their evil powers. The third witch implies the limits of their power. â€Å"Though his bark cannot be lost, Yet it shall be tempest tossed (I, iii, 24–25)†. As sheRead MoreAnalysis Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1659 Words   |  7 PagesHonors 9 November 2015 Macbeth Essay The theme of tragedy appears in various amounts of movies, literature, and plays which provided entertainment for people throughout the years. Movies and plays such as â€Å"The Titanic† and â€Å"Romeo Juliet† gave audiences a pang of sadness and amusement as the story line unraveled. Notably, the prevalence of the theme occurs in Shakespearean plays such as the tale of Macbeth which displays Aristotle’s definition of tragedy. 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Mathimatical knowledge and a link to the real world Free Essays

Outside school, real-life jobs and state of affairss for which mathematical cognition may be utile frequently do non show themselves in such familiar signifiers. The single must interpret the state of affairs or job into a signifier that exposes the relevancy and utility of mathematics. If pupils are unpracticed at such a procedure, the possible power of mathematics to assist cover with the state of affairss and jobs of their life may non be to the full realized and may besides ensue to jobs. We will write a custom essay sample on Mathimatical knowledge and a link to the real world or any similar topic only for you Order Now Researchs have shown that bulk of pupils are sing jobs in mathematics. The importance of mathematics is likely ignored because of pupils ‘ public presentation over the topic ( Kulak,1993 ) . Globally, about all pupils are kicking about failure in mathematics because of negative attitude over the topic. ( Betz, 1978 ; cited by Zakaria, 2010 ) . Ashcraft ( 2002 ; cited by Hopper, 2010 ) supposes, because of math anxiousness which has developed because of negative experience about mathematics, pupils tend to avoid mathematics which could take to failure. Harmonizing to a research conducted in Florida, the per centum of pupils who failed in math additions ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www2.tbo.com/content/2009/oct/21/college-students-need-help-required-math-classes/news-breaking/ ) . Harmonizing to Tobias ( 1993 ; cited by Philips, 2010 ) , 1000000s of grownups are blocked from professional and personal chances because they fear or perform ill in mathematics, these negative experiences remain throughout their grownup lives. Furthermore, negative attitudes towards mathematics can do cryings of defeats ( Sollesta, 2007 ) . This could ensue to ignorance of Numberss which could take to battles in simple minus and add-on. In the Philippines, Filipino pupils are holding jobs when it comes to math proficiency ( Malipot, 2009 ) . In fact, merely a few per centum crossed the 75-percent degree in math in the 2006 National Achievement Test ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.undp.org.ph/ ? link=news A ; news_id=231 A ; fa=1 ) . In add-on, A figure of pupils are dropping mathematics aside from scientific discipline classs normally before and even after scrutiny ( E. Senajon et Al ; in www.philjol.info/index.php/EACRB/article/viewPDFIntersritial/ †¦ 1286. ) . This is an indicant of an bing perennial job because of negative mathematics attitude that has been overlooked by concerned offices and section. The job of mathematics attitude leads to the preparation of different schemes to bring on the involvement of the pupils to analyze mathematics. In fact, the Department of Education ( Ronda, 2009 ) created a scheme to promote public school kids to read every bit good as appreciate mathematics. On the other manus, failure because negative attitude over mathematics can take to miss of assurance to most Filipino pupils ( Chua, 2006 ) , which is possibly a greatest obstruction to acquisition because beliefs govern a individual. The belief that they can non make something may force pupils unable to execute a undertaking of which they are genuinely capable. Locally, peculiarly in Cor Jesu College, a figure of pupils failed in mathematics topics specifically in the Division of Business and Accountancy based from the bluebook where failed pupils are listed. This research is conducted for the intent of cognizing the relationship between mathematics attitude and mathematics public presentation to selected first twelvemonth Bachelor Science in Accountancy pupils. Theoretical Model In old researches ( Di Martino A ; Zan, 2001, 2002, 2003 ; Zan A ; Di Martino, 2003 ) deficiency of theoretical lucidity that characterizes research on attitude has been the issue of most research workers. The deficiency of theoretical model that characterizes research on attitude toward mathematics is partly shown by the fact that a big part of surveies about attitude do non supply a clear definition of the concept itself: attitude tends instead to be defined implicitly and a posteriori through the instruments used to mensurate it ( Leder, 1985 ; Daskalogianni A ; Simpson, 2000 ) . This survey is anchored with Cognitive-Gestalt theory. Harmonizing to Burns ( 1995 ; cited in hypertext transfer protocol: //www.brookes.ac.uk/services/ocsd/2_learn/theories.html ) the accent of this theory is on the importance of experience, significance, problem-solving and the development of penetrations. Which proves that the public presentation of the pupil depends on their experiences either at place or in school and how they give intending to it.s In the facet of instructor ‘s behaviour and its scheme, Weiner ‘s ascription analysis supposes that pupils ‘ operation is affected by the instructors ‘ emotional and behavioural reactions ( Stipek, 2002 ; p-73 ) which means, pupils ‘ public presentation in the schoolroom can be brought about by instructor ‘s behaviour or attack towards the pupils and the topic itself. In add-on, Weiner ‘s ascription analysis brings in clear beliefs that the schoolroom is the topographic point where judgement is conveyed, non merely when it comes to pupils ‘ behaviour but besides the instructor ‘s response toward the pupils ( Stipek, 2002 ; p-73 ) . Silva, Tadeo, Delos Reyes, A ; Dadigan ( hypertext transfer protocol: //math.usm.my/research/OnlineProc/ED12.pdf, 2009 ) , assume that despite how knowing the instructors are in learning math, it is still non plenty to learn the pupils and incorporate that cognition towards acquisition. On the other manus, public presentation in mathematics can besides be rooted from anxiousness. Harmonizing to Stodolsky ( 1975 ; cited by Stipek, 2002 ) mathematics direction that is fostered in pupils stating that mathematics is something that is learned from an authorization which can non be figured out on one ‘s ain. Stodolsky supposes that the pupils perceive the topic as hard to analyze on 1s ability and instead necessitating an authorization to larn the topic. This authorization is the instructor as mentioned by Stodolsky. The conceptual model of the survey elaborated the relationship between Mathematicss Attitude ( independent variable ) which was measured into three dimensions: ( a ) Cognitive dimension, ( B ) Behavioral dimension, and ( degree Celsius ) Affective dimension ; and Mathematics Performance of Bachelor of Science in Accountancy Freshmen, school twelvemonth 2010-2011 in the topic, College Algebra and Accounting 1. The See Fig.1 Conceptual Model Independent Variable Dependent Variable Mathematicss Attitude Affectional Dimension Behavioral Dimension Cognitive Dimension Mathematicss Performance in College Algebra Accounting 1 Fig. 1. Conceptual Paradigm of the Study Statement of the Problem This research was examined the relationship between mathematics and mathematics attitude and mathematics public presentation of Bachelor of Science in Accountancy ( BSA ) freshers, school twelvemonth 2010-2011. Specifically, it will besides try to happen the replies of the undermentioned sub-problems: What is the profile of the pupils ‘ mathematics attitude in footings of: Cognitive, Behavioral, and Affective? What is the pupils ‘ mathematics public presentation in capable countries: College Algebra and Accounting 1? Is there a important relationship between mathematics attitude and mathematics public presentation? Hypothesis Holmium: There is no important relationship between mathematics attitude and mathematics public presentation. Significance of the Study The importance of this survey is to steer the undermentioned people: Students. The consequence of this survey will assist the pupils in cognizing the possible grounds why they are dying in math. Parents. The result of this survey will assist the parents know the possible ground for their kid ‘s failure in math. It will be helpful for them to be cautious with their kid ‘s public presentation. Teachers. The findings if this survey will function as a manual for the instructors peculiarly math instructors in finding what scheme to utilize cognizing the information given in this survey. The consequence of this research can be used as a footing to decrease, if non extinguish failures by set abouting alterations and inventions in instructions and the course of study in general. This will function as an oculus opener toward absorbing advanced thoughts in instruction. Psychologists and School counsellor. The consequence of this survey will be used as a footing for the school counsellors every bit good as the psychologists to better understand why pupils behave or misbehave in math. Administrators. The findings of this survey can function as one of the bases for curricular rating and planning. It will besides steer the decision makers in their witting attempt to undergo planned alterations in pulling up systematic strategy of measuring pupils ‘ public presentation. Researcher. The consequence of this survey will supply a foundation for new research. Scope and Restrictions of the Study The survey is limited to freshers pupils who are enrolled in topics College Algebra and Accounting 1during the first semester, peculiarly the Bachelor of Science in Accountancy, Cor Jesu College confined to period of 2010-2011. The range of the survey is more likely for the benefit of the instructors sing the per centum of pupils in footings of their mathematics attitude in relation to mathematics public presentation of the pupils. Findingss of the survey would therefore, be true merely for the topics concerned and for the given period of clip, although these could be used as footing for similar surveies that would be conducted at the different colleges in the state. Definition of Footings Cor Jesu College refers to the premier Catholic establishment in Southern Mindanao, peculiarly located in Digos City, Davao del Sur. Mathematicss attitude refers to the pupils ‘ reaction towards mathematics as a topic and as an application. Specifically determined into three dimensions: ( a ) cognitive, ( B ) behavioral, and ( degree Celsius ) affective. Cognitive dimension refers to the mental facet of attitude which concerns the thought procedure approximately mathematics as a topic and as an application. Behavioral dimension refers to the action facet of attitude which concerns mathematics as a topic and as an application. Affectional dimension refers to the emotional facet of attitude which involves in the pupils ‘ perceptual experience about mathematics as a topic and as an application. Mathematicss public presentation refers to the pupils ‘ competency in mathematics peculiarly in topics College Algebra and Accounting 1. Mathematicss Attitude and Mathematics Performance refers to the relationship of the pupils ‘ perceptual experience, Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES This chapter presents subjects on mathematics attitude, mathematics public presentation, and the relationship of Mathematics Attitude and Mathematics Performance as related literatures and surveies. Related Literature Articles and some write-ups concerning mathematics attitude, mathematics public presentation, and the relationship between mathematics attitude and mathematics public presentation are abundant. Majority of these articles draw a fact that mathematics attitude and mathematics public presentation show a important connexion in mathematics public presentation. Mathematicss Attitude Mathematicss is the linguistic communication of engineering. It is used to explicate, construe, and work out jobs in Fieldss every bit diverse as technology, economic sciences, communicating, seismology, and ecology. It is the bedrock for the computing machine revolution. Mathematics provides us with powerful theoretical and computational techniques to progress our apprehension of the modern universe and social jobs and to develop and pull off the engineering industries that are the anchor of our economic system. Attitude. Harmonizing to Liska ( cited in ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nd.edu/~rwilliam/xsoc530/attitudes.html ) , attitude is either be favourable or unfavourable appraising reaction toward something or person, exhibited in 1s beliefs, feelings, or intended behaviour. It is a societal orientation – an implicit in disposition to react to something either favourably or unfavourably. The mundane impression of attitude refers to person ‘s basic liking or disliking of a familiar mark. These surveies have shown that, for illustration, misss tend to hold more negative attitudes towards mathematics than male childs ( Frost et al. , 1994 ; Leder, 1995 ) , and that attitudes tend to go more negative as students move from simple to secondary school ( McLeod, 1994 ) . The general attitude of the category towards mathematics is related to the quality of the instruction and to the social-psychological clime of the category ( Haladyna et al. , 1983 ) . The attempt to advance positive attitudes has been slightly successful on the single degree. For illustration, mathematics anxiousness can be reduced through systematic desensitization ( Hembree, 1990 ) . On the whole category degree the attempts to reform learning to advance coveted attitudes have by and large been unsuccessful ( McLeod, 1994 ) . However, recent grounds suggests that collaborative attacks can advance positive attitudes among pupils ( e.g. Boaler, 1997a, B, 1998 ; Ridlon, 1999 ) . An of import purpose of mathematics instruction is to develop in pupils positive attitudes towards mathematics. The impression of holding a positive attitude towards mathematics encompasses both wishing mathematics and experiencing good about one ‘s ain capacity to cover with state of affairss in which mathematics is involved. In this scene, attitudes are perceived as being closely linked to beliefs, emotions, and motive to prosecute in the topic. ( Australian Education Council, 1991 ; cited in, ) Harmonizing to Lopez ( cited in hypertext transfer protocol: //www.articledashboard.com, February 15, 2011 ) , attitude is a permanent rating of people, objects, or thoughts which may be positive or non. The construct of attitude is composed of three constituents which include cognitively-based attitudes, affectively-based attitude, and behaviorally-based attitude. Attitude toward mathematics is defined as a general emotional temperament toward the school topic of mathematics † ( Haladnya et al. , 1983, p. 20 ) . Maple and Stage ( as cited in Schiefele A ; Csikszentmihalyi, 1995 ) found that â€Å" attitude toward mathematics significantly influenced pick of mathematics major. â€Å" One of the most of import grounds for fostering a positive attitude in mathematics is that it may increase one ‘s inclination to elect mathematics classs in high school and college and perchance to elect callings in a math related field † ( Schiefele A ; Csikszentmihalyi, 1995 ) Mathematicss Attitudes Attempts in the schoolroom to right the common social perceptual experience that â€Å" mathematics is hard † are frequently exacerbated no less due to the already entrenched attitudes and feelings that pupils have by the clip they reach secondary degree. Kloosterman A ; Gorman ( 1990 ) suggest that the formation of the belief that some pupils learn more readily than others and non everyone will be high winners in schoolcan lead to a impression that affects accomplishment in mathematics: the impression that it makes small sense to set forth attempt when it does non bring forth consequences that are considered desirable. Besides impacting larning and attitude are other factors such as motive, the quality of direction, time-on-task, and schoolroom conversations ( Hammond A ; Vincent, 1998 ; Reynolds A ; Walberg, 1992 ) and as a consequence of societal interactions with their equals ( Reynolds A ; Walberg, 1992 ; Taylor, 1992 ) . Many surveies have been conducted on mathematics attitudes and instruction ( Leder, 1987 ; McLeod, 1992 ; Zan, Brown, Evans, A ; Hannula, 2006 ) but for the intents of this undertaking, McLeod ‘s ( 1992 ) definition of attitudes is adopted: â€Å" affectional responses that involve positive or negative feelings of moderate strength and sensible stableness † ( p. 581 ) . McLeod contends that attitudes develop with clip and experience and are moderately stable, so that hardened alterations in pupils ‘ attitudes may hold a durable consequence. Lefton ( 1997 ) besides argues that attitude is a erudite pre-disposition to react in a systematically favorable or unfavorable mode towards a given object. Positive and negative experiences of school activities produce learned responses which may in bend impact on pupils ‘ attitudes as they get older, when positive attitudes towards mathematics appear to weaken ( Dossey, Mullis, Lindquist, A ; Chambers, 1988 ) . Harmonizing to Hart ( 1989 ) , mathematics attitude should be viewed as a sensitivity to react in an unfavourable or favourable manner to mathematics. By accepting this position, mathematics attitude includes relevant beliefs ( e.g. â€Å" Mathematics helps me understand scientific discipline lessons † ) , behavior ( e.g. â€Å" I will use for a occupation affecting mathematics † ) and attitudinal or emotional reactions ( e.g. â€Å" I like work outing mathematical jobs † , â€Å" I feel disquieted when work outing mathematical jobs † ) . In other words, by generalizing from Key ( 1993 ) , it can be said that an instrument mensurating mathematics attitude should try cognitive, affectional and behavioural spheres, perchance represented, as the old analysis suggests, by assurance in larning mathematics, wishing mathematics and utility of mathematics, for illustration. Cognitive. Mathematics is believed as an exceptionally hard topic that everybody needs some cognition acquired during the primary and in-between phase will do. Its survey requires particular ability and intelligence ( Sidhu, 1995 ) . The importance of math is likely ignored because of pupils ‘ public presentation in the topic. The bulk of pupils referred for school psychological science services are sing some academic jobs. Although reading accomplishments shortages are the common of these academic jobs, researches have shown that the bulk of pupils sing jobs in mathematics ( Kulak, 1993 ) . Malipot ( 2009 ) believes that instructors and the authorities ( Sabater, 2006 ) can assist pupils in bettering their ability in the field of mathematics. Dr. Balmaceda ( Garcia, 2007 ) dispels the popular misconception that math is merely about measures ( how many ) . Most fail to see the originative facet of mathematics. Affective. It is a phenomenon that is frequently considered when analyzing pupils ‘ jobs in mathematics ( Hopper,2010 ) . On the other manus, Chua ( 2006 ) supposes that math anxiousness is a merchandise of a instruction scheme. At first, anxiousness may non take topographic point. Skills which are developed based on drills, pattern, and memorisation seem honoring to teacher and pupil likewise. When lessons become more advanced and more complicated, the figure of points to be memorized gives an impossible load to pupils ‘ memory. The pupil would so experience that he has reached a phase at which his apparent success desserts him. Here an anxiety-provoking state of affairs starts to face the scholar. The harder the pupil tries, the worse he/she performs because the pupils will necessarily utilize the lone attack he/she knows, which is mathematics. Emotions are seen in connexion to personal ends. Emotions are besides seen to affect a physiological reaction, as a differentiation from non-emotional knowledge. Third, emotions are besides seen to be functional, i.e. they have an of import function in human header and version. ( E.g. Buck, 1999 ; Lazarus, 1991 ; Power A ; Dalgleish, 1997 ; Mandler, 1989 as cited by Hannula,2010 ) Mathematicss Performance Student battle in mathematics refers to pupils ‘ motive to larn mathematics, their assurance in their ability to win in mathematics and their emotional feelings about mathematics. Student battle in mathematics plays a cardinal function in the acquisition of math accomplishments and knowledge – pupils who are engaged in the acquisition procedure will be given to larn more and be more receptive to farther acquisition. Student battle besides has an impact upon class choice, educational tracts and subsequently calling picks The Relationship Between Mathematics Attitude and Mathematics Performance Ma and Kishor ( 1997 ) synthesised 113 study surveies of the relationship between attitude towards mathematics and accomplishment in mathematics. The causal way of the relationship was from attitude to the accomplishment. Although the correlativities were weak in the overall sample, they were stronger throughout classs 7 to 12, and in surveies that had done separate analysis of male and female topics ( Hannula, 2010 ) . Harmonizing to Ma and Kishor ( 1997a ) , there is a positive interaction between mathematics attitude and mathematics accomplishment ( Kadijevich, February 17, 2011 ) Chapter 3 Methodology This chapter presents the design, puting, participants, step, processs, and informations analysis. Design This survey made used of descriptive-correlation design ( Ariola, 2006 ) since the purpose of the survey was to find whether or non there is a relationship between mathematics attitude and mathematics public presentation. This survey determined the important relationship between mathematics attitude and mathematics public presentation of the Bachelor of Science in Accountancy freshers pupils who were enrolled in College Algebra and Accounting 1 during the first semester. The independent variable was the mathematics attitude, which has sub-variables viz. : cognitive, behavioural, and affectional. Furthermore, the dependent variable of the survey was mathematics public presentation which was determined from the concluding classs of the respondents in College Algebra and Accounting 1. Puting The survey was conducted in the premiss of Cor Jesu College campus located in the City of Digos, Province of Davao del Sur. Participants The participants of the survey were the indiscriminately selected Bachelor of Science in Accountancy freshers pupils who took up College Algebra and Accounting 1 in the first semester A.Y. 2010-2011. The sampling process was done based on random choice from its entire population of 155. Slovin ‘s expression ( Ariola, 2006 ) was used to find the sample size of 113 pupils. Using the expression below: n = __N__ 1 + NeA? Where ; n = sample size N = entire size vitamin E = desired border of mistake ( 0.05 ) Thereafter, the respondents were selected utilizing the lottery method ( Ariola, 2006 ) . The entire population was arranged consecutive and assigned numerical designations. Matching Numberss were marked on separate checks and were put into a container. This was to guarantee that every person has the same opportunity of being chosen as every other single ( Ariola, 2006 ) . Measures The research instrument used in the survey was the Mathematics Attitude Scale ( MAS ) , retrieved from the survey of Acejalado, Limjap. The writer of the survey was asked by the research worker a permission to utilize the questionnaire. However, the e-mail history of the writer was deactivated. The study questionnaire was composed of 50 points with statements based from the dimensions of attitude, viz. : affectional dimension, behavioural dimension, and cognitive dimension of pupils ‘ perceptual experience about mathematics as a topic and as an application. The respondents were asked to measure the statements through look intoing utilizing the undermentioned measuring ( Likert ‘s graduated table ) : Strongly agree- 1, Disagree- 4, Agree- 2, Strongly disagree- 5, and Neutral- 3. The graduated table of the reading of the average tonss of the dimensions of mathematics attitude set by the psychometrician are as follows: 4.4-5.0 really high, 3.6-4.3 high, 2.8-3.5 moderate, 1.9-2.7 low, 1.0-1.8 really low. Procedure A missive of permission to the Dean of College bespeaking the blessing for the permission to carry on a research survey in the college section. After which, another missive of permission submitted to the Dean of the Division of Business and Accountancy, ( DBA ) . After holding the blessing, a requisition missive was sent to the caput registrar for the finding of the entire population of DBA freshmen pupils. The information was gathered from the concerned establishments and offices such as the College Dean and the Dean of DBA through a formal missive. After holding the blessing, the names of the pupils who took up College Algebra and Accounting 1 during the first semester were asked from the school registrar through a formal consent. After which, random sampling was made to place the respondents. The instrument disposal was given in January 2011 based from the handiness of the respondents. The questionnaire was follow-upped every now and so. After garnering the full answered questionnaire, each point was tallied in conformity to each respondent. Datas Analysis Chapter 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This chapter deals with the presentation, analysis and reading of the informations gathered utilizing research instrument. Consequences and treatments are presented harmonizing to the job and hypothesis of the survey. How to cite Mathimatical knowledge and a link to the real world, Essay examples

Importance of Tourism free essay sample

Citizens now demand more meaningful involvement and more responsible and sustainable tourism practices. Local communities and Non Government Organizations today have a very important voice in the way in which tourism is developed and resources allocated. It is this more responsible and sustainable tourism that the Government of Trinidad and Tobago wishes to develop and promote. Tourism provides entrepreneurial opportunities for small operators, can foster balanced development and empower rural communities, youth and women, and can dynamise other sectors of the economy, particularly the agriculture sector. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of Tourism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Tourism Industry now demands more meaningful involvement and more responsible and sustainable tourism practices. Local communities and Non Government Organizations today have a very important voice in the way in which tourism is developed and resources allocated. It is this more responsible and sustainable tourism that the Government of Trinidad and Tobago wishes to develop and promote. Tourism provides entrepreneurial opportunities for small operators, can foster balanced development and empower rural communities, youth and women, and can dynamise other sectors of the economy, particularly the agriculture sector. The Tourism Industry includes everything that a traveler does on a trip – eat, sleep, party, attend a conference, rent a car, take a taxi, shop, change foreign currency etc. It means that all of the economic activities of farmers, fishermen, cooks, shopkeepers, bartenders, tour guides, banks, hotels, carnival bands, entertainers, electricians, customs, immigration and literally every job that impacts directly or indirectly on tourism are all part of the tourism value chain. For specialist events, sports, and weddings the value chain is even greater. It is clear that the tourism industry is far-reaching and is indeed everybody’s business. It is also important to recognize that the travel and tourism industry is global, highly competitive and unstable. We must be able to continuously undertake our research and market intelligence, anticipate change, be prepared and not be caught off guard in the management of the industryThe tourism sector is as significant to the Tobago economy as the oil and manufacturing sectors are to the Trinidad economy. In 2007, domestic arrivals to Tobago were 11. 4 imes larger than international stay-over arrivals, demonstrating the critical importance of the domestic market to the development of tourism in Tobago. In addition, most of the tourist accommodation establishments in Trinidad and Tobago are locally owned, allowing locals to meaningfully benefit from the sector. This underscores the need to ensure that quality and value for money is produced by these establishments so that they are finan cially viable, environmentally sustainable and generate measurable economic benefits for local people.

ICT and Environmental Hazards Essay Example

ICT and Environmental Hazards Paper The ensconce of this additional use will be an increasing impact on the environment; this will happen despite the fact that some CIT devices are more efficient, and with a potentially smaller effect on the environment. Although its effects on our everyday lives are obvious, the hazardous effects that this technology may have on the environment are much less clear and seldom talked about and are often neglected or overlooked. These impacts can be expressed throughout the lifestyle (from the manufacturing, use and disposal) of the CIT product. Both the inefficient use of energy and the manufacturing and disposal of product leads to the generation and release of toxic compounds into the environment. This report exposes some of the hazardous effects on the environment resulting from the use of CIT and suggests possible recommendations. The implementation of these recommendations would go a long way in maximizing the efficient use Of CIT product and significantly minimize the hazardous impacts of CIT on the environment at large. LITERATURE WORK CIT is an industry in a state of constant change and development, with the continuous production of new, different, and more advanced devices. The manufacturing of these products, therefore, implies a very high level of technology and the use of specific elements/chemical compounds. Some of these elements can be very toxic; heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), lead (BP) and arsenic (As), for instance, are all present in desktop computers or in standard computer monitors. Other compounds are also hazardous. An example can be the use of predominated flame retardants (Bars). We will write a custom essay sample on ICT and Environmental Hazards specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on ICT and Environmental Hazards specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on ICT and Environmental Hazards specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Bars are chemicals which are applied to the electronic parts of the devices for safety reasons. The environment is exposed to hazard resulting from the use of CIT. Exposure to the toxic compounds mentioned above can take place after the disposal of the CIT devices. There can be exposure, for instance, if these elements/chemicals leach from a landfill into the environment; clearly this process can cause damage and have noticeable impacts on the environment, both short and long term. The incineration of parts of the CIT devices may also cause exposure to hazardous substances. The incineration of waste which contains these kinds of chemicals is forbidden by law. It can happen, however, that these parts may be accidentally incinerated together with other mommies waste. This can be particularly dangerous if Firs are present, as during the combustion they can form predominated dioxins very toxic molecules. Another possible source of exposure is the re-use and/or recycling of these devices, or of part of the devices. Strict regulations are in place to recycle materials which may contain toxic elements; these, however, are not always applied in developing countries. In places like China, India or in some African countries, there is an informal market, to recover and reuse the valuable compounds of these CIT devices. Metals such as gold or copper, for instance, are present in the majority of the devices; they are recovered using processes without any safety precautions; these processes can generate hazardous compounds, posing a threat both to the environment and to the workers involved in them. Energy consumption is another problem associated with CIT devices and it is also an important issue to consider. For the majority of CIT devices, a greater proportion of the energy is necessary for manufacturing the device than for using the device itself. CIT and Environments The environmental problems associated with computers are two-fold. High energy consumption and highly toxic component materials are currently inherent characteristics Of CIT products, thus making their production, use and disposal ecologically unsound. These two major problems would be the main focus of this work and would be discussed extensively. Energy Consumption Globally speaking, the issue of energy consumption is one that involves all sectors and industries. According to Norfolk (1990) and Oakmont (2002), electronic office equipment such as desktop computers uses significant amounts of electric power. Atypical CPU uses 120 Watts 1 joule/second) f electricity, while a CRT monitor consumes added 1 SOW (United States Department of Energy, 2005). This implies that a standard office computer which is left on 8 hours per day, for 5 days a week can consume up to 561. 6 k of fossil fuel derived energy. However, this figure more than triples if such a computer is left on throughout the night or during the entire week. Physical components and Toxin Desktop computers generally consist of three major units: the main processing machine (CPU Consisting of power supplier, fan, ICC boards, DVD drive, CD drive, hard disk, soft disk and shell casing), the monitor and the aboard. These major units are composed Of various materials, which, in turn consist of a wide range of Chemicals, elements and heavy metals. Some of these materials, such as platinum, have a high recovery and recycling efficiency (95%), while others cannot be recycled at all (e. G. Mercury, arsenic and barium). There are, however, two desktop components that represent the largest environmental hazards with respect to availability, monitors containing Crust and flame retardant plastics. Need for Green computing The extensive use of computers and IT has made our life easier and as such he use of IT is ever on the increase resulting in greater power consumption. Greater power consumption means greater emission of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide. It is observed that most of the computer energy is often wasteful. This is because we leave the computer ON even when it is not in use. The CPU and fan consume power; screen savers consume power even when the system is not in use. Insufficient power and cooling capacities can also results in loss of energy. It is observed that most of the decanters do not have sufficient cooling capacities. This results in environment pollution. This could be because of defects in Manufacturing techniques, packaging, disposal of computers and components. Another effect is because of toxicity. There are toxic chemicals used in the manufacturing of new computers as well as disposal of old computers and components which can enter the food chain and water. Green computing is the environmentally responsible use of computers and related resources. Such practices include the implementation Of energy-efficient central processing units (JPLS), servers and peripherals as well as reduced resource consumption and proper disposal of electronic waste (e-waste). One of the earliest initiatives toward green computing in the United States was the voluntary labeling program known as Energy Star. It was conceived by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1 992 to promote energy efficiency in hardware of all kinds. The Energy Star label became a common sight, especially in notebook computers and displays. Similar programs have been adopted in Europe and Asia. Government regulation, however well-intentioned, is only part of an overall green computing philosophy. The work habits of computer users and businesses can be modified to minimize adverse impact on the global environment. Here are some steps that can be taken: * Power-down the CPU and all peripherals during extended periods of inactivity. * Try to do computer- related tasks during contiguous, intensive blocks of time, leaving hardware off at other times. Power-up and power-down energy-intensive peripherals such as laser printers according to need. * Use liquid-crystal-display (LCD) monitors rather than cathode-ray-tube (CRT) monitors. * Use notebook computers rather than desktop computers whenever possible. * Use the power-management features to turn off hard drives and displays after several minutes Of inactivity. * Minimize the use Of p aper and properly recycle waste paper. * Dispose of e;waste according to federal, state and local regulations. * Employ alternative energy sources for computing workstations, servers, networks and data centers. Approaches to Green Computing Fertilization: Computer fertilization is the process of running two or more logical computer systems on one set of physical hardware. With fertilization, a system administrator could combine several physical systems into virtual machines on one single, powerful system, thereby unplugging the original reward and reducing power and cooling consumption. One of the primary goals of almost all forms of fertilization is making the most efficient use of available system resources. Fertilization highlights the idea of Green Computing; by consolidating servers and maximizing CPU processing power on other servers. Storage fertilization makes it possible for systems to access a shared storage subsystem. Avis clear that this approach would reduce the number of storage devices needed, the amount of power required, the heat produced and, as a wonderful side effect, would reduce the operational ND administrative costs of backup, archival storage etc. Power Management: Lower power consumption also means lower heat dissipation, which increases system stability, and less energy use, which saves money and reduces the impact on the environment. The Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ASPI), an open industry standard, allows an operating system to directly control the power saving aspects of its underlying hardware. This allows a system to automatically turn off components such as monitors and hard-drives after set periods of inactivity. In addition, a system ay hibernate, where most components (including the CPU and the system RAM) are turned off. ASPI is a successor to an earlier Intel Microsoft standard called Advanced Power Management, which allows a computers BIOS to control power management functions. Power management for computer systems are desired for many reasons, particularly: * Prolong battery life for portable and embedded systems * Reduce cooling requirements. * Reduce noise. * Reduce operating costs for energy and cooling. Power supplies Power supplies in most computers (Us for short) arent designed for energy efficiency. Infant, most computers drain more power than they need during normal operation, leading to higher electrical bills and a more dire environmental impact.

Biography of Sojourner Truth, Abolitionist and Lecturer

Biography of Sojourner Truth, Abolitionist and Lecturer Sojourner Truth (born Isabella Baumfree; c. 1797–November 26, 1883) was a famous African-American abolitionist and womens rights activist. Emancipated from slavery by New York state law in 1827, she served as an itinerant preacher before becoming involved in the anti-slavery and womens rights movements. In 1864, Truth met Abraham Lincoln in his White House office. Fast Facts: Sojourner Truth Known For: Truth was an abolitionist and womens rights activist known for her fiery speeches.Also Known As: Isabella  BaumfreeBorn: c. 1797 in Swartekill, New YorkParents: James and Elizabeth BaumfreeDied: November 26, 1883 in Battle Creek, MichiganPublished Works: The Narrative of Sojourner Truth: A Northern Slave (1850)Notable Quote: This is what all suffragists must understand, whatever their sex or color- that all the disfranchised of the earth have a common cause. Early Life The woman known as Sojourner Truth was born into slavery in New York as Isabella Baumfree (after her fathers owner, Baumfree) in 1797. Her parents were James and Elizabeth Baumfree. She was sold several times, and while enslaved by the John Dumont family in Ulster County, she married Thomas, also enslaved by Dumont and who was many years older than Isabella. The couple had five children together. In 1827, New York law emancipated all slaves. At this point, however, Isabella had already left her husband and run away with her youngest child, going to work for the family of Isaac Van Wagenen. While working for the Van Wagenens- whose name she used briefly- Isabella discovered that a member of the Dumont family had sold one of her children into slavery in Alabama. Since this son had been emancipated under New York Law, Isabella sued in court and won his return. Preaching In New York City, Isabella worked as a servant and attended a white Methodist church and an  African Methodist Episcopal Church, where she reunited briefly with three of her older siblings. Isabella came under the influence of a religious prophet named Matthias in 1832. She then moved to a Methodist perfectionist commune, led by Matthias, where she was the only black member, and few members were of the working class. The commune fell apart a few years later, with allegations of sexual improprieties and even murder. Isabella herself was accused of poisoning another member, and she sued successfully for libel in 1835. She continued her work as a household servant until 1843. William Miller, a millenarian prophet, predicted that Christ would return in 1843 amid economic turmoil during and after the panic of 1837. On June 1, 1843, Isabella took the name Sojourner Truth, believing this to be on the instructions of the Holy Spirit.  She became a traveling preacher (the meaning of her new name, Sojourner), making a tour of Millerite camps.  When the Great Disappointment became clear- the world did not end as predicted- she joined a utopian community, the Northampton Association, founded in 1842 by people interested in abolitionism and womens rights. Abolitionism After joining the abolitionist movement, Truth became a popular circuit speaker. She made her first antislavery speech in 1845 in New York City. The commune failed in 1846, and she bought a house on Park Street in New York.  She dictated her autobiography to womens rights activist Olive Gilbert and published it in Boston in 1850.  Truth used the income from the book,  The Narrative of Sojourner Truth, to pay off her mortgage. In 1850, she also began speaking about womens suffrage. Her most famous speech, Aint I a Woman?, was given in 1851 at a womens rights convention in Ohio. The speech- which addressed the ways in which Truth was oppressed for being both black and a woman- remains influential today. Truth eventually met Harriet Beecher Stowe, who wrote about her for the Atlantic Monthly and wrote a new introduction to Truths autobiography. Later, Truth moved to Michigan and joined yet another religious commune, this one associated with the Friends. She was at one point friendly with Millerites, a religious movement that grew out of Methodism and later became the Seventh Day Adventists. Civil War During the Civil War, Truth raised food and clothing contributions for black regiments, and she met Abraham Lincoln at the White House in 1864 (the meeting was arranged by Lucy N. Colman and Elizabeth Keckley). During her White House visit, she tried to challenge the discriminatory policy of segregating street cars by race. Truth was also an active member of the National Freedmans Relief Association. After the war ended, Truth again traveled and gave lectures, advocating for some time for a Negro State in the west. She spoke mainly to white audiences and mostly on religion, the rights of African-Americans and women, and temperance, though immediately after the Civil War she tried to organize efforts to provide jobs for black refugees from the war. Death Truth remained active in politics until 1875, when her grandson and companion fell ill and died. She then returned to Michigan, where her health deteriorated. She died in 1883 in a Battle Creek sanitorium of infected ulcers on her legs. Truth was buried in Battle Creek, Michigan, after a well-attended funeral. Legacy Truth was a major figure in the abolitionist movement, and she has been widely celebrated for her work. In 1981, she was inducted into the National Womens Hall of Fame, and in 1986 the U.S. Postal Service issued a stamp in her honor. In 2009, a bust of Truth was placed in the U.S. Capitol. Her autobiography is read in classrooms throughout the country. Sources Bernard, Jacqueline.  Journey Toward Freedom: The Story of Sojourney Truth. Price Stern Sloan, 1967.Saunders Redding, Sojourner Truth in Notable American Women 1607-1950 Volume III P-Z. Edward T. James, editor. Janet Wilson James and Paul S. Boyer, assistant editors. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press, 1971.Stetson, Erlene, and Linda David.  Glorying in Tribulation: The Lifework of Sojourner Truth. Michigan State University Press, 1994.Truth, Sojourner.  The Narrative of Sojourner Truth: a Northern Slave. Dover Publications Inc., 1997.

Police corruption Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Police corruption - Research Paper Example It will also point out different types of corruption, examples of cases and some measures being taken by the law enforcement bodies to curb corruption. The known types of corruption occur on different scales, involving different positions of power and also varying in magnitude. Although most states have taken steps to reduce corruption by splitting their governments into executive, legislative and judiciary arms, it is still rampant within the police, which is under the executive arm. Police corruption refers to the specific misconduct by police officers with the intention of realizing personal benefits, including financial and career advancements, by practices that abuse power such as soliciting for bribes, protecting organized prostitution and drug cartels, bearing false witness and prosecuting falsely. Corruption is detrimental to any police force because it is a crime and costs them their integrity and public image. Generally, most corruption practices can be categorized under ei ther petty corruption, grand corruption or systemic corruption, and further classified into their specific types (Mishra, 2006). The differences are rooted in the involved participants, the norms violated by the corrupt act, the wider context in which the corrupt act takes place and its purpose, motive or outcome. It is on such analytical distinctions that the origins and consequences of corruption are explored and tackled. Occurring within government norms and established social structures, petty corruption takes on the smallest level and form, and involves a small number of participants. It thrives in developing countries where government officials are poorly paid and involves exploiting personal connections and giving small bribes to obtain quick services and favors. Grand corruption occurs at top government levels in ways that require large subversions in economic, legal and political systems of a state. Grand corruption does not bear its significance in the involved amount of m oney as much as it does on the level at which it takes place, which is the policy formulation level. Systemic corruption occurs primarily by taking advantage of a process’ or organization’s weakness. Unlike petty corruption which exploits occasional opportunities, systemic corruption is an essential and integrated aspect of the political, social and economic system. Because it is encouraged by factors such as a culture of impunity, monopolistic powers, low pay, discretionary powers and conflicting incentives, systemic corruption is embedded in a broader situation that promotes its sustenance. Characterized by embezzlement, extortion and bribery, it forms a situation where key state processes and organizations are routinely used and dominated by corrupt groups and individuals, leaving people with no options to dealing with the corrupt officials. Police corruption is exhibited in the inappropriate conduct and actions they take in connection with the official duties and r esponsibilities expected of them. Discrimination and miscarriage of justice are largely part of it (Sherman, 1974). Education levels and personalities of the officers involved are significant contribution factors, but the culture of police agencies also plays considerable roles. Misconduct can be predicted by education, where better educated officers are prone to fewer complaints. Police corruption is also promoted by unenforceable laws that govern moral

Novel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Novel - Essay Example He does not know if loves or hates his daughter, in fact, it is that the extent of his love for his daughter is something that he does not want, something that he believes he does not deserve, thus, turning into hatred for the innocent girl. He has a very low opinion of himself – â€Å"What could his heavy arms and befuddled brain accomplish that would earn him his own respect, that would in turn allow him to accept her love?† – and he blames Pecola’s stupidity for loving him still (Morrison 161 - 163). The lack of faith in himself may be due to his harsh childhood but the fact remains that his thought processes are different than a normal person’s and continue to badly affect those around him. Seeing his daughter scratch â€Å"the back of her calf with her toe† reminds him of how his wife Pauline had once done the same thing (Morrison 162). It could have been the alcohol, that particular movement, the resemblance between the mother and daughter, the strange kind of love that he had for both or seeing Pecola do the task of washing the dishes which his wife used to do that triggered off his sexual thoughts, â€Å"filled him then with a wondering softness †¦ a tenderness, a protectiveness† (Morrison 162). He reminisced about Pauline and how had been successful in bringing a smile to her face. He wanted to show his daughter how much he loved her and, in his deluded state, he thought showing her physically was the right way to go. From his distorted point of view, he only wanted to please his daughter. The way Morrison writes this portrays Cholly as a predator and Pecola as the prey. In fact, he is even showed to be â€Å"crawling on all fours toward her† (Morrison 162). The girl slips and falls but Cholly turns into a protector and catches her which is a contradiction in itself. He wants to keep Pecola safe but does not have the right idea of how to do that. The girl is young, naà ¯ve and too shocked to protest. The

SMALL-SCALE RESEARCH PROJECT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

SMALL-SCALE RESEARCH PROJECT - Essay Example In the recent years, various scholars and researcher have discussed and written about the relationship between learning and teaching in education (college and university). Marsh and Roche (1993) analysed the opinions of the students regarding the effectiveness of teaching for enhancing the teaching levels in colleges or universities. Even Ryan and Harrison (1995) examined the weight that student put forth for different components in teaching for ascertaining the effectiveness. A study was conducted by Ralph (2003) on teaching effectiveness; in which he assessed the effectiveness by examining how rapidly students can learn from the teachings. So the above discussion signifies teaching effectively is one of the major factors that would assist the undergraduate students to learn efficiently (Fridah, 2004; Kothari, 2008). 1.2 Rationale of the Study As discussed above, teaching effectively is definitely one of the major factors to assist students in UEL to learn efficiently for their cour se, but the entire research cannot revolve around teaching because the ways of learning in the present times have changed. Nowadays teaching can definitely be one of the features of helping students, but not the only way. The rationale of this study is based on the objective of identifying the contemporary factors play significant role in recent times in learning process. Those factors are the ones which would assist the undergraduates of UEL to learn effectively. In this area also teaching plays a major role, which signifies teaching is obviously not a substitute, but a necessity. However, the definition of teaching has changed. Various modes of teaching has come up which has re-defined the ways teachers interacted with students. These aspects would be discussed in this study and researched through collection of evidences that would confirm the validity of the findings. 1.3 Overview: University of East London (UEL) The issues of research and discussion is relevant to every student irrespective of any country, but research on such large scale is difficult to conduct, so in this research study the researcher would be specifically focusing on the factors that will assist the undergraduate students of UEL to learn effectively for their lessons. However, in order to move on the research, it is significant to have a concise idea regarding the university, courses it offers and its environment. UEL in London Borough of Newha is a public university, which functions through its three campuses in Docklands, Stratford and another called University of Square Stratford that opened in 2013. UEL got the status of a university in the year 1992, but its operations can be traced back to 1892 (University of East London, 2013a, 2013b, 2013c, 2013d). There are around 28000 students in the university and among them 19520 are the undergraduates, while the rest are postgraduates. Due to the augmenting reputation of UEL, statistics revealed that 13 percent more applications were submi tted in 2011 compared to the previous years, which is indeed an indication that in terms of

The Objectives Of Human Resources Development

The Objectives Of Human Resources Development The objectives of this report are to look at the Human Resource Management (HRM), Human Resource Planning and Development (HRP D), and Performance of McDonalds restaurant. Furthermore, it explains the human resource management activities, models of human resource management, effectiveness of organisational objectives, performance monitoring of McDonalds restaurant. The human resources of any organisation are the most important resource that is the direct connected between the quality of the workforce and ultimate goals. The human resource department of McDonalds is responsible for right people, right number, right jobs, right time, right cost with right knowledge, skills, experience in the right place and also responsible for training of all staff and keeping evidence on them. It also indicates us what is the usage of human resource management and how does it work in the company. McDonalds fast food restaurant began in America in 1954. It is leading food service retailer around the world with more than 30,000 restaurants in 119 countries serving 47 million customers each day. Moreover, McDonalds is one of the world most well-known and valuable brands and increasing share in the globally. Now it is recognised worldwide establishment and first restaurant in the UK. Today more than 2.6 million people of the UK trust about McDonalds and go to eat due to provide good food with a high standard, quick service and value of money. Task-1 Human Resource Management (HRM) Human resource management is the people management function where organizational function is fulfilled and focuses on the issues related to people for example compensation, performance management, organization development, safety, benefits, employee motivation, communication, administration ,training and, etc. As defined by Storey in 1995, HRM is a distinctive approach to employment management which seeks to achieve competitive advantage through the strategic development of a highly committed and capable workforce, using an integrated array of cultural, structural and personnel techniques. Human Resource Management (HRM) Activities Human Resource Management (HRM) deals with the Human feature of an organisation. There are many activities of an organisation to achieve their ultimate goals. To cite an example Recruitment and selection, training and development, human resource planning, provision of contracts, provision of fair treatment, provision of equal opportunities, assessing performance of employees, employee counseling, employee welfare, payment and reward of employees, health and safety, dismissals and redundancy, and etc. I am explaining three of them as below Recruitment and Selection In an organization, a change happens in the level of employees where HR department maintain the requirement of personnel to meet the demand. For effective recruiting, recruitment process can be costly and takes a great deal of time to set up. It includes on what jobs needs, advertising, application, identifying who best meet the criteria, interviewing candidates, finally selecting the best candidate for the post, and etc. McDonalds advertise their job vacancies on their specialized websites and use their own personnel department to recruit staff. Objectives of the Recruitment and Selection The objectives of the recruitment and selection process of human resource management are as below: To identify the most appropriate candidate to fill each post. Keep the cost of selection down Making sure that necessary skills and qualities have been specified and developing a process for identifying them in candidates Make sure that the candidate selected will want the job, and will stay with McDonalds To make the most of the effectiveness of the McDonalds recruitment and selection practices. Achievement of the Recruitment and Selection In the McDonalds, recruiting process is run throughout the year. Like other organisations, McDonalds recruit internally and externally, and they for the most part recruit their managers and Assistant managers internally rather than externally, because it is easier and less training is needed due to the candidate is well known about the job. Just about 50% of McDonalds salaried managers are promoted from within McDonalds. In addition, for preparing the job description, McDonalds describe the job title, department, location, the responsibilities, the job purpose and duties. McDonalds uses the application form with questions which are typical questions, to know what qualification the applicant has, such as knowledge, skills, experience, and etc. Application form fill-up and make the answer of question is the first step for applicant at crew member level. For the recruitment process, Interview is the most crucial part for McDonalds potential employee. From the short listed candidate, McDonalds call for interview with area manager or store manager at their flexible nearest branch. From the face to face interview, interviewers can know about applicants, such as behaves, confidence, knowledge, and basically how the applicants come across as a person. At crew member level, interview is the second step for applicant. At this step, short listed candidates involve selecting a small number of applicants for the next stage. This selecting process will be carried on until the right numbers of candidates are found with the wanted quality. As a result, the recruiting team can be able to distinguish easily the strong applicants from the weak hundreds of applicants. McDonalds inform to the successful candidate over mobile phone or by email within one week. One day, McDonalds arrange an induction for a new employee that may turn him or her into a long term, loyal member of staff. In the McDonalds, the induction process begins even before the candidate is offered the job. Training and Development From the initial training that is called skill training, Employee can know the basic job knowledge of each position and can develop. Moreover, ongoing training program provides a more advanced level of job knowledge and make an economical employee. An ongoing programme of training evaluation enables employees to keep training up to date and according to the demand of the business. McDonalds training and development programme is an important part to the 100% customer satisfaction that the company aims to achieve ultimate goal. Objectives of the Training and Development McDonalds arranges training and development programme for many reasons. For example, training and development programme may be introduced to: Increase job satisfaction and motivate employees, as a result, reducing absenteeism and labour turnover. Reduce wastage and accident rates by gaining a excellent performance across the workforce. Develop the skills of existing employees to cope with labour shortages Establish the most effective and efficient working methods in order to maximize productivity and remain competitive Use of new equipment and the application of new technology. Achievement of the Training and Development We believe that training is the foundation of any success and McDonalds think so. Immediately, training begins with a one-hour orientation in McDonalds. Each branch of McDonalds has its own video player and training room. Stepby step manuals and video tapes are played every detail of the operation. So, McDonalds is dedicated to the training and development of all their employees, providing career opportunities. So, it is an ongoing process of all McDonalds employees it is everyones job, every day. According to the employee position, all employees are to receive induction training followed by a structured development program. After completing the initial training, they are to pass one Observation Check list (OCL) in the particular area with successfully. In McDonalds has 21 days of employment probationary period. During this probationary period, employees performance is to evaluate. For example, standard of work, personal attitude, teamwork, focus of customers, hygiene and etc. After completing the probationary period, they must be achieved a competency rating of satisfactory. If they fail to meet the standards of required of performance, they can be terminated at any time during their probationary period. Human Resource Planning To achieve the McDonalds goals, human resource planning is concerned with getting the right people, using them perfectly, and training and developing them. In order to meet McDonalds aims and objectives successfully, people using are to identify perfectly and effective way and to identify any problem that are likely to occur (such as recruiting the best candidates) and then getting with proper solution. Human Resource Planning (HRP) is the process of ensuring an organisation has the correct staff at the right time, with the right skills and abilities in the right place. Objectives of the Human Resource Planning The aims of Human Resource Planning (HRP) are to create the best use of human resources look forward to the problems with surplus staff build up a well trained and flexible workers decrease organisations dependence on outside recruitment agencies Achievement of the Human Resource Planning Like all other businesses, for daily activities carry out McDonalds need the assistance of staff. All the important number of staff in McDonalds fulfils a key role in its operation. Without sophisticated technology McDonalds would not be successful, for setting up properly human being are responsible. If the manager of McDonalds do not select the potential employees in careful way and do not match against the ability of post that means who are unsuitable, it can create a number of problem, for example poor productivity levels no good feeling among staff job dissatisfaction high absenteeism levels customer complains dismissal replacement For demand of labour, McDonalds analysis its future plans and estimate the levels of activity within McDonalds. As a result, they can predict that the organisation has right number of potential employee with right quality. The external labour market is very important for any organisation because of it can make up of potential employees, locally, regionally, who have the right skills and qualification necessary at any time. For McDonalds, local unemployment figures are very important who give the indication of the general labour availability required at that time. Also, Human resource planning of McDonalds includes searching at how labour is organised within a business or an organisation. Theoretical Models of Human Resource Management Generally, human resource strategy is performance or behaviour based. In addition, employees are a main resource for any service organisation. Organisations which successfully manage change are those which have integrated their policies with their strategies and strategic change process. Johnson Scholes (1992) Exploring Corporate Strategy There are a lot of models associated within an organisation. Such as: The Fombrum, Tichy and Davanna model The Harvard model The Warwick model Guests model and etc Two models are explained among them as below: The Harvard model According to the Harvard Model, HRM polices need to derive from critical analysis of: the demands of the various stakeholders in a business and a number of situational factors Hannagan Tim, 1995 Employees are variable and valuable for any organisation. Moreover, organisations are owned and operated by various employees or people (stakeholders), the task of the management is to balance the returns to every person involved. The Harvard model emphasises on the importance of integration HR policies with business objectives. The Harvard Model is emphasised as the soft approach to HRM, employees like stakeholders of the company. In this model has discussed four areas such as, reward system, employee influences, human resource flow, and work systems, there are also included situational factors such as influence of trade unions, labour market, and laws. These are also relevant to the theory. The effectiveness of the HRM is related to the four Cs with the theory. The four Cs are Commitment, Competence, Congruence and Cost-effectiveness. According to the Harvard theory, employees are an asset rather than a cost. In McDonalds, line managers are responsible for people and store managers are responsible for the day to day running as a mixture of both the hard and soft approach. McDonalds believes that Staffs are an asset for them which are shown by training provision and should provide long term investment for the company. Guests Model Devid Guest has developed his model based on the Harvard model and included four outcomes which has developed into four policy goals Strategy integration Commitment Flexibility Quality Guests (1987) theory, is also included in McDonalds policy, Guest believes the organisation should, aim for high level of commitment from staff, obtain high quality output, continually improve standards, flexibility from staff, no fixed job definitions, working practices and conditions and seek strategic integration through HR policies. In McDonalds, improving standards continuously and flexible working times offering for staff. Line managers of McDonalds accept HRM policies and combine them into strategic plans, staff changing roles are allowing within the organisation. Acknowledged as culture, every organisation has different values, ideas and beliefs that affect the way they operate. According to Handy, there are four types of culture; Power, Role, Task and Person. McDonalds culture combines two of these. Top management of McDonalds reflects power culture that makes the overall decisions and allowing rapid response to decisions. Other one is the task culture. In McDonalds, the overall aim of the organisation is task orientated and focussing on team culture, and powerful communication between all levels of staff. McDonalds has integrated the contingency approach by considering the environment culture. Contingency approach suggests that different problems and situation require different solution, for making a sound solution, need both internal and external influences fit together. Also, this approach influences promotions of staff that comes from the company means McDonalds restaurant. It is very helpful for the staff and staffs are offered appraisals that means increasing job opportunities for staff. Task-2 Human Resource Planning and Development For a company, human resource planning is the recognition of the future labour requirements needed and how these requirements are going to be met. Human resource planning is the process by which a company ensures that it has the right number and kind of staffs, at the right time in the right place for which they are economically most useful for a company. The use of human resource planning is a big deal for any organisation. For employee develop, human resource development (HRD) is the framework. By which, employees can develop their personal and organizational skills, knowledge, and abilities. Human resource development includes many opportunities such as employee training for developing them, performance management and development, mentoring, series planning, key employee identification, organization development and etc. Human Resource Planning Model Best Practice Model Best Practice HRM is the idea that a particular bundle of HR practices has the potential to contribute to improved attitudes and behaviours, lower levels of absenteeism and labour turnover, and higher level of productivity, quality and customer service, ultimately generating higher organisational performance and profitability. Marchington Wilkinson (2002) Components of best practice include employment security and internal promotion, selective hiring and firing, extensive training, learning and development, employee involvement and voice, high compensation upon organisational performance, reduction of status differentials, etc. (Marchington Willinson, 2002; Hughes Julia M, 2002 International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management Vol.14 No.5) Effectiveness in achieving organisational objectives to Best Practice Model In McDonalds, more than 40% of senior managers have been promoted on the inside and not hired from outside directly. In the kitchen of the McDonalds restaurant, crewmembers are started their career by working at the smallest possible level of the chain of command. So, they carry out learning, training and development programs on a regular basis and lengthily which is reflected in their HR activities. McDonalds also offers high level of employment security. By implementing valuable and variable human resource activities, employee have been successful in developing dedicated and competent labour force who bring quality and customer satisfaction. By the recent market situation of McDonalds, employers can be observed easily what the condition of them is. On the other hand, according to the best practice model, employers can take long term view of strategy. In addition, from the view of personal experience, it is observed that the lowest level staffs (who work in the kitchen) generally do not have awareness of the strategy of the organisation. Also, some companys strategy is different. To cite an example, the lowest level staff of ASDA , they can give suggestion for the organisation. Their opinion senior management level can be considered or received. In additional, reward of the employee is totally appraisal based not on performance based. From the above discussion, it can be said that McDonalds is practising many components of the best practice model but do not implement full best practice model. Best-Fit (Contingency) Model There are three different models are defined under contingency as below (1) Business Life Cycle, (2) Strategy/Structure, and (3) Business Strategies (1) Business Life Cycle It includes four stages of organisational development for example, start-up, growth, maturity, and decline. This model also includes some human resource functions such as recruitment and selection, reward and benefit, staff training and improvement, employee relationships and etc with business life cycle stages. Effectiveness in achieving organisational objectives to Best Fit (Contingency) Model (Business Life Cycle) If McDonalds, want to open a new branch still today anywhere in the world, continue recruitment all around the year. (HR department, Headquarters, McDonalds) As seen earlier, Training and development has been practiced regularly and comprehensively. According to the Best fit model, during the growth stage, McDonalds recruit sufficient members and run through effective management and organisational growth. To match with HR function of an organisation, McDonalds always try to control labour costs, maintaining staff peace and getting better productivity during maturity stage. It is very difficult to say exactly that McDonalds is in which stage of Business Life Cycle but they are mature and growing at particular rate. (2) Strategy/structure Miles and Snow (1984; Cited in Bratton and Gold, 1999) identified four modes of strategic orientations: Defenders, Prospectors, Analysers, and Reactors. Defenders companies have limited product line and the management focus on getting better the efficiency of their existing operations. HR practices in defenders include extensive and long-term focus, well defined career ladders, clear grading structures, employee share ownership, well-established HR function, etc. Prospectors are companies with fairly broad product lines that focus on product innovation and market opportunities. It is right performance standards and expectations (Bratton and Gold, 1999) Effectiveness in achieving organisational objectives to Best Fit (Contingency) Model (Strategy/structure) By extensive training and development, McDonalds corporate strategy and issue want to improve their efficiency and always running to take the product into new markets. So, it can be said that McDonalds is followed the combination of Defenders and Prospectors. (3) Business Strategies (This model is based upon Porters competitive advantage model) Michael Porters (1980; cited in Bratton and Gold, 1999) formulated a framework that describes three competitive strategies: low cost leadership strategy, differentiation strategy, and focus strategy. In a differentiation strategy, managers try to distinguish their services and products-such as brand image or quality. In this way, value is added to the product and reflected in the product price. (Purcell, 1999 Human Resource management Journal Vol.9 No.3) Effectiveness in achieving organisational objectives to Best Fit (Contingency) Model (Business Strategies) By distinguishing McDonalds brand and providing quality of food and service around the world, McDonalds has achieved their present position. They have standard recruitment methods and policies, and highly focussed training and learning, reward system for staff remuneration. In McDonalds, line management function is very close with HR function, which has come from their HR strategy and activities. So, from the above discussion, it can be said that McDonalds is following differentiation strategy. Basic Human Resource Planning Model Recruit skilled workers Develop technical training programs Transfer managers from other facilities Recruiting and training programs feasible Transfers infeasible because of lack of managers with right skills Human Resource programs are made according to the organizational objectives and strategies require for achieving human resource goals. Moreover, human resource objectives are directly associated to the organizational objective and planning. To open a new branch of any company, Human Resource department need to think about production staffs, line managers, business manager, technical staffs and etc. Workforces are valuable for implementing the new product line, factory, distribution system, and achieving organizational goads. Effectiveness in achieving organizational objectives to human resource planning model HR department of McDonalds recruit skilled workers, develop technical training programs, and transfer managers from other facilities with right skills. They develop training programs regularly and broadly which are reflected in their activities. Although, employee hire is too costly from outside, sometimes, McDonalds hires the recruit managers from outside. After gaining most of things, McDonalds develop new objectives and new strategic plan for achieving ultimate goals. It involves forecasting outcome of various HR programs for employee flowing into, all the way through and out a variety of job classifications. They determine how existing program and added program or combination of program will be done and need to no capability of combining program. If HR department of McDonalds do not find practicable human resource program, they must change strategic plans. They are researched internal, external, and demand forecasting information. Such as, internal forecasting information- organizational features, productivity, promotion, demotion, transfer, turnover, and external forecasting information- external labor market aspects, controllable company factors and demand forecasting information- organizational strategic plans, size of organization, organizational design, employee support, and managerial support etc. Task-3 Performance management For the successful practices of people management, performance management is a holistic process which bringing together many elements of the organizational function. It includes particular learning and development, and gives an overview of employee status. Performance management is establishing a culture where individual and groups get responsibility for continuous development of business process and their own contributions, skill and behavior. Performance management is about interrelationships and improving the quality of relationship between manager and individual, between manager and teams, between members of teams, and etc. So, McDonalds believe that it is a joint process, not a one off-event, not just managers, apply to all employees. Therefore, McDonalds business manager can make clear what they look forward to individual and teams to do. For example, how they should be managed and what they need to do their jobs. Human Resource performance monitoring McDonalds follows the ongoing performance management for employees. For example, setting goals, monitoring the employees accomplishment of those goads, contributing feedback with the employees, evaluating the employees performance, rewarding performance or firing the employee. Performance management includes frequent activities to establish organisational aims to achieve those goad more effectively and efficiently. McDonalds believe that the best approach to accomplish value for money is to monitor the performance levels of staff and want to reduce wasteful actions. Effective Human Resource Performance By monitoring improvement, departmental managers or business managers can assess the efficiency of employees and determine which ones are meeting the terms of their agreement and contributing to McDonalds success. McDonalds monitoring is the quality of work being produced that is one of the features and the efficiency levels within departments. Employees performance helps the manager to know how they have been getting better in their business with the employees. For the future, it is an employee roadmap which increases job satisfaction. McDonalds think that it can help to develop their talent pool, support potential assessment and succession planning. Suggest ways to make improvements Sometimes, we see that poor performance lead to dismissal. If without checking, wastefulness is allowed to continue, staff will lose interest, motivation will be concentrated and no encouragement to produce good quality products or services. If the employees know that what jobs are doing, how they are doing, employees will be happier. If they know that they are doing good jobs, thats recognized, generally, they will keep on to do a good work and may make well every effort to do more. Otherwise, if they do not get people feedback, they are not doing good job, company cannot expect them to be either satisfied or productive. From the view of the company, if staffs are inefficient, customers will not return to McDonalds for repeat purchase due to many complaints and uncompleted responsibilities will push up costs to a very high figure. So, need to inform them according to responsibility.

Salvador Dali :: essays research papers fc

(1904-1989) Salvador Dali was born into a middle-class family on May 11th, 1904 in Figures Spain. In 1921 he entered the San Fernando Academy of Fine Arts in Madrid where he made friends with Federico Garcia Lorca, Luis Bunuel, and Eugenio Montes. He pursued his personal intersest in Cubism and Futurism. In June of 1923 Dali was suspended from the Academy for having indicated the students to rebel against the authorities of the school. He was let back in October of 1925, and a year later Dali was permanently expelled. In 1924 he was imprisoned in Figures and Gerona for political reasons. Dali joined the Surrealists in 1929 due to the influence of metaphysical paintings, and his contact with Miro. Dali developed his method over the next few years. He describes his method as 'paranoic-critical, a 'spontaneous method of irrational knowledge based on critical and systematic objectivation of delirious associations and interpretations.' Works he produced at this time include The Lugubrious Game 1929, The Persistence of Memory 1931, and Surrealist Objects, Gauges of Instantaneous Memory 1932. Salvador Dali was the top Surrealists of this time. Surrealism explored the subconscious, the dream world, and irrational elements of the psyche in the belief that the discoveries to be made from such exploration would be of more fundamental importance to the human condition than any other form of social analysis. Salvador Dali was very fascinated by the fleeting state of the mind between sleep and consciousness, dream and reality, sanity and insanity, as one in which the mind functioned purely, free from the constraints of logic and social behavior. He read psychological case histories, hoping to represent neuroses in an ultra-realistic style, objectifying the irrational with photographic accuracy. In 1936, Dali began painting in a classical manner again, switching between Italian, Spanish and pompier styles. Dali was very politically involved, and had some extreme opinions. He was fascinated with Hitler, and his relations with the rest of the Surrealist group became strained after 1934, breaking away in 1939 when he declared his support for Franco. He moved to the USA, living there from 1939-1948. Dali held many one-man shows during his career. He directed and was a part of many films including the first surrealist film "Un Chiea A Dalou A Andalusian Dog", with the director Luis Bunuel. In 1945 he designed the surrealistic dream sequence for Hitchcock's Spellbound, and filmed Don Juan Tenorio, in 1951. Salvador Dali :: essays research papers fc (1904-1989) Salvador Dali was born into a middle-class family on May 11th, 1904 in Figures Spain. In 1921 he entered the San Fernando Academy of Fine Arts in Madrid where he made friends with Federico Garcia Lorca, Luis Bunuel, and Eugenio Montes. He pursued his personal intersest in Cubism and Futurism. In June of 1923 Dali was suspended from the Academy for having indicated the students to rebel against the authorities of the school. He was let back in October of 1925, and a year later Dali was permanently expelled. In 1924 he was imprisoned in Figures and Gerona for political reasons. Dali joined the Surrealists in 1929 due to the influence of metaphysical paintings, and his contact with Miro. Dali developed his method over the next few years. He describes his method as 'paranoic-critical, a 'spontaneous method of irrational knowledge based on critical and systematic objectivation of delirious associations and interpretations.' Works he produced at this time include The Lugubrious Game 1929, The Persistence of Memory 1931, and Surrealist Objects, Gauges of Instantaneous Memory 1932. Salvador Dali was the top Surrealists of this time. Surrealism explored the subconscious, the dream world, and irrational elements of the psyche in the belief that the discoveries to be made from such exploration would be of more fundamental importance to the human condition than any other form of social analysis. Salvador Dali was very fascinated by the fleeting state of the mind between sleep and consciousness, dream and reality, sanity and insanity, as one in which the mind functioned purely, free from the constraints of logic and social behavior. He read psychological case histories, hoping to represent neuroses in an ultra-realistic style, objectifying the irrational with photographic accuracy. In 1936, Dali began painting in a classical manner again, switching between Italian, Spanish and pompier styles. Dali was very politically involved, and had some extreme opinions. He was fascinated with Hitler, and his relations with the rest of the Surrealist group became strained after 1934, breaking away in 1939 when he declared his support for Franco. He moved to the USA, living there from 1939-1948. Dali held many one-man shows during his career. He directed and was a part of many films including the first surrealist film "Un Chiea A Dalou A Andalusian Dog", with the director Luis Bunuel. In 1945 he designed the surrealistic dream sequence for Hitchcock's Spellbound, and filmed Don Juan Tenorio, in 1951.